The odds-ratio revealed that, if other factors remain constant, the likelihood of rural households to choose on-farm + non-farm and combination of on-farm + off-farm + non-farm livelihood diversification strategies decreases by a factor of 4.371 and 3.564, respectively as the livestock holding increases by one TLU. Cite this article. • Impact of tourism on livelihood diversification is higher for tourism enterprises than rural communities. Administrative map of the study District (Saesietsaeda Emba). Cogent Econ Finance. This implies that households with high dependency ratio have low probability level to participate in off-farm and non-farm income-generating livelihood diversification strategies. This paper examines livelihood diversification as a survival strategy of rural households in developing countries. The maximum likelihood estimates as indicated by the Chi-square test was found to be highly significant (Table 3). 2016;29(2):183–90. Results (Table 2) depicted that majority (83.1%) of the farmers were able to diversify their livelihoods into either of the three livelihood diversification strategies or combined income activities, whereas the remaining 16.9% of the sample households were unable to diversify their livelihoods, often lacking the means to engage in any form of income-generating activity aside agriculture. However, crop diversification status and extent of farmers … Rural livelihood diversification is then defined as ‘the process by which households construct a diverse portfolio of activities and social support capabilities for survival and in order to improve their standard of living’ (see also Ellis, 1998; Ellis, forthcoming). Except sex, all the 15 hypothesized independent variables were found significantly affecting farmers choices and adoption of certain livelihood diversification strategies at different probability levels (Table 3). al., (2005), carried out research on livelihood diversification in Borana pastoral communities of Ethiopia- prospects and challenges. Income diversification patterns in rural sub-Saharan Africa: reassessing the evidence. Only on-farm livelihood strategies practised by few households, and … This study was intended to assess the role of livestock diversification in minimizing climate change adverse impacts on livelihood assets in Dangila district, Ethiopia. It is viewed as a general compromise made against high risk to favour low output and low risk, maximize their personal income and to guarantee smooth consumption expenditure [1, 6]. Livelihood diversification is commonly accepted as the promising strategy to escape from such type of shocks and to transform the rural economy. Livelihood diversification and welfare of rural households in Ondo State, Nigeria. Tourism, Livelihood Diversification and Food Security in Ethiopia. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40066-018-0214-0, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40066-018-0214-0. volume 7, Article number: 62 (2018) In addition, the surplus income gained from irrigation helps them in strengthening their economic capacity to participate in different non-farm livelihood diversification activities to improve their livelihood and food security level in the study area. Livelihood diversification is a strategy that can boost farmers’ income and promote sustainable land management practices. (2019). Non-farm occupational and earnings dynamics in Rural Thailand. If other factors are held constant, the odds-ratio in favour of the smallholder farmers to choose on-farm + non-farm livelihood diversification strategies increases by a factor of 4.431 as remittance income increases by one ETB. Terms and Conditions, Part of 0000022493 00000 n Similarly, the estimated coefficient for input use (INPUTUSE) has found positively and statistically affected households’ participation in on-farm + non-farm livelihood diversification strategy at 10% level of significance. <> 0000115799 00000 n in Ethiopia. A mixed research method of sequential transformative strategy was used. Previous empirical study by [8] reports that rural residents across the developing world earn 35–50% of their income from non-farm sources. In this regard, it is obvious that the contribution of non-farm income is immense but varies from place to place and people to people due to different contextual factors. 0000131433 00000 n Cornell University Charles H. Dyson School of Applied Economics and Management, Ithaca, New York. Methodology: Multi stage sampling techniques was used to selected sample respondents. Washington: The World Bank; 2014. The determinants and effects of diversification in the areas of poverty, income distribution, farm output and gender are examined. Different published and unpublished documents were collected through different search engines from different databases, Google scholar and Google. The result of this study is consistent with the findings of [3, 21, 22]. The authors declare that they have no competing interests. 62 0 obj The study was aimed to identify the livelihood strategies and their level of diversification in western tip of Ethiopia. In fact, formal saving and credit institutions are available in the study area and farm households observed having high interest for credit for the purpose of reducing problem of working capital, purchase of farm inputs and farm oxen; and to cover social obligatory expenditures. Key informants interview to draw Qualitative conclusion crops due to the improvement of rural diversification. Were triangulated with information collected using focus group discussion and key informant interviews ( KII ) were sources of.. Study was to identify the livelihood diversification in developing countries sector: issues evidence. Were triangulated with information collected using focus group discussion and key informants interview to draw Qualitative conclusion other,., the two-limit Tobit econometric model was made by normalizing on-farm alone livelihood strategy as reference category for analysis stratified... 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